Female Genital Mutilation

Female genital mutilation is often practiced in Northern and sub-Saharan Africa. The opponents of this surgery believe that it is supposed to increase sexual attractiveness of women or young girls.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Female Genital Mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, there are no medical reasons to perform it. However, one cannot easily draw parallels between female genital mutilation and other procedures that women undertake in more developed countries. In order to illustrate this argument, one should focus on the social and cultural origins of this practice. To a great extent, it can be explained by considerable gender inequalities existing in many African communities in which women do not have any opportunity for expressing their disagreement with existing behavioral norms. Admittedly, one can say that in various advanced countries, women often undergo cosmetic surgeries that can not be explained by any medical reasons. To a great extent, these women attempt to reach the standards of physical attractiveness, established in the society. Moreover, these standards can be imposed on them through various agents of socialization such as mass media. However, there are some distinctions that should not be overlooked. First of all, female genital mutilation is widespread in the communities in which the rights of women are virtually non-existent (â€Å"Jane’s Story: Surviving Violence†). For instance, they can be beaten almost to death, and they cannot expect any protection from the community. Moreover, young girls do not give their consent for this surgery; in fact, they can be forced to undergo this procedure (â€Å"Jane’s Story: Surviving Violence†). They are not allowed to raise any objections or even speak about the painfulness of genital mutilation. Such protests are usually not tolerated. In contrast, women, who choose to undertake c osmetic surgery, do it voluntarily. Certainly, there is some social pressure which can prompt them to reach the standards of physical beauty. However, their informed consent is necessary. This is why it is difficult to compare female genital mutilation with other procedures that can be performed in more developed countries. Additionally, it is important to remember that female genital mutilation can be viewed as a rite of passage in many African communities (Ogega 3). In many cases, it implies that a girl passes into womanhood. So, this practice is a part of the cultural tradition. This is one of the reasons why the government finds it very difficult to eliminate this practice by legally prohibiting it (Ogega 3). This is one of the peculiarities that should be taken into account. In contrast the procedures undertaken by women in more developed countries are not ritualistic. This is another difference that should not be overlooked.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, female genital mutilation can be regarded as an example of discrimination against women. In many cases, they can be denied the right to their own bodies. Moreover, one should not forget that this surgery can pose a great threat to the health or even lives of women since they can be exposed to the risk of infection. Nevertheless, one should not draw parallels between this practice and other procedures that are widespread in more advanced countries. Female genital mutilation is the result of great gender inequalities in African communities. Women and girls, who are subjected to this procedure, are not able to express their discontent. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Works Cited â€Å"Jane’s Story: Surviving Violence†. MPANZI, n.d. Web. https://mpanzi.org/. Ogega, Jackie. Pervasive Violence: What Makes Female Genital Cutting Possible,  Even Inevitable ? New York: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012. Print. This essay on Female Genital Mutilation was written and submitted by user Colleen Wing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation is defined by the World Health Organization as a procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for no medical reasons. It is carried out without anesthesia and may involve injury of the genital area. This practice is usually carried out on girls who have just reached puberty or are a few days old into puberty.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practice is usually carried out by a traditional circumciser or a person who is experienced in doing the mutilation in a traditional non-medical setting. The cut is made using a knife, scissors or razor blade. This practice is common in Western, Northern and Eastern parts of Africa and some parts of Asia and the Middle East. It is also practiced among some immigrant communities in Europe, Australia and North America. It is estimated that approximat ely 100-140 million girls around the world have undergone female genital mutilation. Out of the 140 million, 92 million are from Africa (Gruenbaum, 2001). There are four types of female genital mutilation. However, only three of the four types are commonly practiced. Type I involves removal of the clitoral hood. Usually this also involves removal of the clitoris itself. Type II involves removal of the clitoris and the inner labia while type three involves removal of the inner and outer labia, the clitoris, and stitching of the wound leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The stitches only come off during sexual intercourse and child birth. This usually involves tearing and bleeding. Type III is the most common of the procedures and is usually practiced in several countries such as Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti. Type IV involves symbolic pricking of the clitoris or labia or cutting of the vagina to widen it (Gollaher, 2000). Rationale Female genital mutilati on is considered to be a violation of the human rights of the girl child hence the reason for choosing this topic. Issues that have been raised about the practice focus on the human rights violations, lack of informed consent and health risks. Health risks include issues such as recurrent vaginal and urethral tract infections. In addition, complications during child birth are likely to occur. Several countries have made efforts to stop the practice following health concerns and medical risks associated with the practice. Previous studies An observation that 90% of Eritrean women had undergone circumcision in 2002 sparked an interest in understanding the trends, factors that lead to female genital mutilation and its consequences. This study used data collected from the 2002 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2003 Female Genital Mutilation to determine factors that influence mothers to take their daughters through the practice and attitudes towards the practice (Woldmi cael, 2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings of the study found that female genital mutilation was more common among older women than it was among the younger ones. The younger women were less likely to take their daughters through the female genital mutilation process than the older women. The study also revealed that 89% of Eritrean women had undergone the practice. 39% had undergone the type III genital mutilation which is the most severe of the 4 types. When it comes to religion, neither Christianity nor Islam seems to have any significant influence on the practice (Woldmicael, 2009). The findings show that even the least severe form of genital mutilation leads to complications during birth and puts the victim at risk of other health complications. This study also showed that social acceptance also favored the practice. The practice is considered to be an hono r and earns the family respect. It also increases the girl’s chances of getting married. The society also believes that genital mutilation controls sexual promiscuity, protects the girl from potential seducers and rapists and also preserves her virginity (Woldmicael, 2009). The study shows that female genital mutilation is being practiced in parts of this world and therefore strategies to combat it have been put in place. However, for a practice that is considered to be a violation of human rights of the girl child, it is still being practiced among some communities. Governments have been urged to implement laws that incriminate this practice in regions where it is being practiced. However, it is very difficult to implement the law if the practice is a widely accepted vice. Very little research has been done in trying to establish why the practice still exists even when those who practice it have been educated and sensitized on the issue. Therefore this study will investigate further on the existing socio-cultural dynamics of female genital mutilation. Approaches to the study The most common question is why those who practice female genital mutilation actually do it. Some people have condemned the practice while others simply have tried to understand the practice. It is however important to understand the cultural history of the practice if one is to be able to understand the cultural dynamics. Most people attribute the practice to Islam but it has been shown that religion does not play a part in the practice. Several customs and beliefs contribute to female genital mutilation and these customs are often hard to get rid of.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Sudan, for instance, it is believed that the campaign against FGM was a sure way of changing women’s consciousness. If a woman allowed her genitals to be rem oved, a heightened level of motherhood is achieved because it would not be tainted by sexuality. As a result she earns respect in the community. She also becomes empowered because by going through the process, she gets to earn respect from society (Shell-Duncan Hernland, 2000). Other societies regard uncircumcised women to be unclean and unfit to handle food and water. Their status as a mother is regarded to be impure and is often looked down upon. Some communities believe that if a woman is not circumcised then her genitals will continue to grow and dangle in between her legs. In addition, they believe that if a man’s penis came into contact with a woman’s clitoris, he would die. Similarly, if a baby’s head came into contact with the clitoris, it would also die (Boyle, 2002). Conclusion Female genital mutilation is an issue that needs to be addressed in the world today. Statistics have shown that a good percentage of women around the world have suffered a type of female genital mutilation. This has struck controversy among human rights groups such as Amnesty international. Ways of trying to curb the practice have been proposed and in most parts of the world have been implemented. However, the practice is still persistent in our present day society. Understanding the cultural dynamics behind it is very important if we are to completely eradicate female genital mutilation. Therefore, this is a gap that needs to be researched on in order to be able to fully understand this practice as well as try to completely eradicate it. Reference Boyle, E. H. (2002). Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Johns Hopkins University Press. Gollaher, D (2000). Female Circumcision Circumcision: A History of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. Gruenbaum, E. (2001) The Female Circumcision Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shell-Duncan, B Hernlund, Y (eds). (2000) Female â€Å"Circumcision† in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers Woldemicael, G. (2009). Female Genital Cutting in Contemporary Eritrea: Determinants, Future Prospects and Strategies for Eradication. A journal on Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 25(2): 1-29 This term paper on Female genital mutilation was written and submitted by user Muhammad S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spina Bifida essays

Spina Bifida essays Spina bifida is a congenital defect that is present at the birth of a child. It is caused by problems with early development of the spine with the main defect being the failure of the closure of the vertebral column that is the bony column that surrounds the spinal cord. Without this closure, the spinal cord is not afforded the usual protection of the vertebrae, and is left open to either mechanical injury or invasion by However, spina bifida may be treated with utero surgery. While this is a risky yet promising procedure, it appears to improve short-term outcomes (Worcester, 2003). Dr. Joseph Bruner, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Vanderbilt, states that, "To date, more than 250 surgeries to repair the lesions associated with spina bifida have been performed at centers such as Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the University of California, San Francisco, and Vanderbilt University." In utero repair has several advantages over postnatal surgery. They include potentially fewer urinary infections, less gastrointestinal reflux, improved fetal leg function and cognitive development, and less need for shunt placement with The most reoccurring type of spina bifida is an opening in the spine that appears in the body midline anywhere from the neck to the buttocks area. This may be detected before birth and a pediatric surgeon may be available to perform surgery upon birth. Since the spinal cord is not developed properly, the defect may be much more subtle, and may, in fact, be covered with skin, while in spinal rachischisis, the most severe form of spina bifida, the entire length of the spine may be open. The cause of spina bifida may be a combination of genetic factors along with environmental influences that bring about malformation of the spine and spinal column. While all of the reasons that contribute to the ...

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Literature Review - Essay Example In addition, domestic politics and international politics are perceived to be dissimilar, and their structures are also quite dissimilar. Also, the domestic political structure is defined by the rule of which it is ordered, the specifications of its functions, and the distribution of its capabilities. According to the article, domestic political structure is centralized and hierarchical. Hierarchical means that there are specified rules that impose laws onto the followers. Also, society in the domestic sense is functional and ordered. There are no world leaders who pass total laws onto the citizens. Every state has its specified rule and ideas on what it wants to undertake. The globe is disconnected because of the lack of an overall government. The author brings up a comparison to the economy to highlight how international political structures emerge even in their anarchic state. Waltz states that units’ own interests are individual and spontaneous in origin. Units converge wi th similar ones to enhance their productivity. In the existing world, this is consistent with the fact that some states unite with others for reasons such as security and safety. They are looking for their stability by depending on a different state. It is also argued that international political structures are found on the basis of states because states are the most significant actors in the world of politics. States play a tremendous part in foreign relations, foreign policy, and trade, so international politics is found on the basis of the states. Particularly, international politics resemble units and states following identical patterns of actions. Finally, it is argued that anarchic or international forms, similar to states or units interrelate with one another, while in hierarchic or domestic forms, different states or units interact (Waltz 47). Contribution to the Field The article has contributed to the field in a number of ways. The article explains that not all states are identical in their views of how international politics should be handled or in their forms of government. It also explains how different nations do not fight one another. This is achieved through the employment of power. In the view of the article, the states with the most supremacy are those with the utmost capabilities. This means that the whole structure of the political system can be altered with modifications in the capabilities of specific states. For instance, a country like Britain has sufficient technology, money, military arms, and intelligence. These are all the essential capabilities to solve problems or take over small nations (Waltz 38). The article shows that a state’s capacity to achieve so much is what gives the state power. In addition, the only way significant things can be achieved is by states with magnificent capabilities. This is one of the foremost reasons countries such as the United Stated of America and Britain get involved in peacekeeping missions in countries, for example the Middle East, Bosnia, among others. These unsafe states tend to battle more because they are not sure about other states. The article helps the students in the field to understand the actions of powerful states. Because these states are the most powerful and secure in the world, it is their responsibility to keep the world stable and satisfied (Waltz 39). It explains why they have the

Analysis of a Non-Profit Organization Assignment

Analysis of a Non-Profit Organization - Assignment Example According to the research study it is moral obligation of every individual to give back something to the community that has helped the individual to earn a living. Therefore, some people just contribute back to society by providing financial assistance while others dedicate their lives just to serve the ones in need. Non-profit organizations can operate in different fields like medical research, development programs, and health services and so on. The type of NPO that really interests me is Maryland Angels, which is a NPO that conducts research and treatments for cancer patients.   This paper stresses that  starting a non-profit organization is certainly one of the most inspiring way through which one can help those in need and give back to the community. The first and most important thing here is to always remember that serving community is more important than making money. Ironically, monetary contributions are equally important. Hence, the members serving the NPO will have to carefully balance monetary needs. This is also one of the reasons as to why it takes many years to sustain and grow a non-profit entity.  A non-profit organization’s success or failure is totally dependent on its foundations. The stronger the foundations the more people in the society would come forward to contribute.  Making a non-profit organization attractive to donors is probably the most difficult task. Not only has the very survival of the organization is depended on it but also an indication that the society is accepting it.

How Personal Can Ethics Get Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

How Personal Can Ethics Get - Essay Example She faced a dilemma, outweighed her options, made a choice, and based it, solely, on her personal situation. She ended up not enriching her organization’s ethics. On the other hand, her boss acted on his personal preference. He, too, faced a dilemma, made clearly unethical choice and kept acting on it. Therefore, he not only did not help develop ethics in his organization, he compromised its integrity. In this particular case individual differences and preferences proved to be more important than ethics. Here, the ethical principles were not enforced from the leadership level, or followed by the individuals within the organization. I see organizational ethics as a two way road. On the road, a car, driven by a manager, is heading to meet the other car, driven by an employee. The manager is supposed to give the employee a set of instructions how to deal with ethical questions. Unfortunately, in this case, they never meet. In recent years, with the discovery of unethical business practices in several big and â€Å"prominent† companies, the public started looking more closely into how business is conducted. The focus of this new interest became the ethics in business organizations and how ethical guidelines are followed. We perceive ethics as simply distinguishing right from wrong. On the organizational level this means treating employees and business partners fairly, and leaving no doubt or room for questions about implementation of organizational policies on ethics. Many organizations do have policies and procedures in place to guide individuals in confronting and resolving ethical dilemmas. But, often times that is not enough. What is needed is overall organizational culture in which top management leadership, by clear example, leads everyone else within the organization in navigating the rough waters of ethics. After all, managers and other leaders are the ones facing dilemmas more frequently than

Pro-utilitarianism and ethical decision-making

Pro-utilitarianism and ethical decision-making In its simplest form, utilitarianism presents the means of decision making as a process of elimination. When contemplating which choices are ultimately right or wrong, utilitarianism suggests that the most accurate decisions are those that offer the greatest net outcome, in contributing to the pleasure or happiness amongst a majority of people. Calculating the quantity of pain and pleasure in these decisions allows for the elimination of those that reveal the most negative ends, in order to arrive at a conclusion. In a situation where someone must weigh the consequences of killing one person to save a group of others, or save their own morals by allowing the group to get murdered by someone else, the blatant utilitarian answer tell us to kill the one person. This accounts for the greatest happiness principle, as it grants the maximum good to the maximum number of people. Arguments that could be posed against this would be that integrity and morality are alienated with this method of judgment, as ethics tells us that no one should ever kill anyone because it is morally wrong. Utilitarianism, however, counters these arguments though the simple calculation of weighing positives against negatives. Ultimately, when dealing with this dilemma, the person must choose the lesser of two evils. It is evident that both options are evil in themselves; it is simply a matter of evaluating which one provides a greater good for a greater number. Questionably, the individuals emotions are not taken into consideration and their integrity is relinquished when the lives that could be lost are weighed against, in terms of utilitarianism. Regardless of what the person decides to do, however, not everyone is given the opportunity to live. Utilitarianism advises us that since value is placed on outcomes rather than personal inclination, people want to save for the greater good because human nature suggests that we have the best interests of others at heart. Even if the verdict declares an action that is generally considered immoral through human nature, saving x number of people in contrast to the death of x number of people becomes morally valid from a different viewpoint. Ethically, one may argue that it is immoral to compare the significance of one persons life to somebody elses, as everyone has an equal right to live. Since the traveler must do this comparison, many questions arise from morality because they know for certain they will be left alive. It can be debated that morality is not preserved in utilitarianism, because of the frail distinction between the person committing the murder, and the act of allowing someone else to commit it because of them. From a utilitarian standing, refusing to kill the townsperson would be morally unjust, because it leads to the death of so many other people. This brings about the worst possible outcome. The traveler will either have to live knowing they committed a murder in order to save many, or refused to harm anyone, inadvertently killing many. Presumably, the notion of murder is immoral, but becomes justified because of the greater end result in this particular situation. The outcome of a choice determines i ts morality-where the ends validate the means-when taking into consideration the pleasures and pains of unknown strangers to draw conclusions. The way we think of life in general is mirrored through the idea of utilitarianism. Calculating the costs and benefits of the decisions we make is something we do without any second thoughts, where we gravitate towards those that benefit the most. On a larger scale, utilitarianism takes this to include the pleasure or happiness of the greatest amount of people, ultimately being the highest and noblest end a person can achieve in life. We cannot quantify human happiness in the way we assume Williams wants us to. In suggesting that we are only happy if we are satisfied morally for our own benefit, this seems to suggest a selfish lifestyle. In reality, if people make others happy, this sparks personal happiness. In order to make the right decisions, we must think about what will provide the greatest good for the greatest number, considering all persons involved. We must weigh pleasure and pain, coming to a calculation to determine the best outcome. Ultimately, utilitarianism pertains to a persons character and desires, and does not only consider the outcomes of particular decisions. Once it is distinguished that bad intentions may cause harm-whether it is to you or to others-even if the outcome are not bad acts, the utilitarian analysis widens into a further moral theory where it is able to relate far more directly with the idea of our moral intuitions. When analyzing the decision of whether to commit the murder or not, utilitarianism certainly provides an ethical answer to why killing the one person is the right thing to do. Not only does utilitarianism consider this valid by purely the outcome, but it also provides insight into how our morality plays a role in why we decide to do it as well. Although it can be argued that utilitarianism does not account the morality of the person making the decision-as they must always keep in mind the outcomes of not only themselves, but everyone else as well-morality surely plays a role in the situation provided. Contribution to overall utility is most significant when shaping the morality of choices. Of course, every individual is not obligated to serve the general population every day through this theory, but even if only one other person is profited, it is plausible that an even greater utility and benefit for humanity may arise jointly.

The main differences I am going to look at are the management styles :: Business and Management Studies

The main differences I am going to look at are the management styles related to each of the companies. Introduction This report is looking at the key differences between the two companies that I have been independently researching. The main differences I am going to look at are the management styles related to each of the companies. It also looks at the different structures within the company such as the hierarchy of the company and the range of managers. Ethics is also going to be a key difference between the following companies as they have very separate ideas of what are good/bad behaviors for a business. Both companies are worldwide and well-recognized businesses with thousands of employees and multimillion-dollar profits. Company X In 1975, two teenage friends formed a company. It sold a form of computer language for a self-assembly kit computer based upon Intel processors. The friends were Bill Gates and Paul Allen, they named the company Microsoft. Revenues and profits rose dramatically in the early years. Windows 95 was what really put Microsoft on the map as they started to make billions of dollars in profit each year. Now Microsoft is one of the most profitable companies in the world and Bill Gates is the wealthiest man in the world! Microsoft is now installed in nearly all computers around the world; personally I have never been on a computer that isn’t being run by Windows. That gives you an idea about how big Microsoft really is. Another big issue that concerns Microsoft is the fact that on your average high street there will not be a Microsoft shop. There are not many Microsoft shops in the whole of the U.K. but it is used in nearly every large companies and shops in the world. The Microsoft headquarters are found in the USA but also have separate smaller headquarters around the world. Company Y McDonalds is the world leading food services in the world today; it has 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries and serves 47 million customers each day of the week. It is also one of the most well recognized companies such as Microsoft. It all started in 1955 a good 20 years before the likes of Microsoft. McDonalds is a franchised company meaning a different person owns each restaurant but all have to pay McDonalds main company at one time or another. They’re about 2,800 employees under the McDonalds name. The headquarters for this company is just outside Chicago, in Oak Brook. Each country has its own individual headquarters but all report back to the one in Oak Brook. Even though these two companies seem the same they are very

Nietzsche and Foucault

Both Nietzsche and Foucault have similar ideas about the genealogy of punishment. On the one hand, Nietzsche argued that the initial public displays of punishment arose out of our basic primal instincts – to see the wrongdoer punished in a public manner so everyone who wanted to see their suffering (and according to Nietzsche this mob was composed of anyone who didn't repress their instincts and urges) could do so. Foucault, on the other hand, presents his account as a genealogy. His genealogy gives us an account of the shift from the old method of sovereign power towards the modern method of disciplinary power. In the older system of punishment, the power to execute and punish was held absolutely by the sovereign, and all public displays of punishment were displays of the sovereign's power over their subjects. In the modern system, this power relation between the state and the individual still exists, but is done so in a much more private way. Punishment now takes place behind closed doors, giving rise to the birth of prisons and correctional facilities, exhibiting a more disciplinary power. In other words, the system of punishment shifted from public displays of the sovereign's power over their subjects to private rehabilitative processes meant to change the criminal back to normal standards of society. In this essay I will explain each of the philosophers' ideas about the shift in the method and purpose of punishment, and I will explore how Nietzsche's genealogy of morals could further account for this shift. Foucault's investigation into punishment and the origin of punishment begins with his exploration into why people in society conform to standardized norms and how certain institutions correct people's deviance away from those norms through exercising their power. He explains that this â€Å"corrections† have been historically carried out in the form of two different types of power: sovereign power and disciplinary power. In Discipline and Punish, Foucault asserts that sovereign power is held by the leader or ruler of the land and the subjects, historically residing in the form of a king or other monarch, and the subjects of such a sovereign are made to abide by their laws and regulations. When a subject breaks a law, their punishment is characterized by extreme violence and made to be very public (DP, 7). The execution or punishment itself is most often carried out by a state-appointed executioner, working as a direct representative of the sovereign's power in order to further dissuade the public witnessing the execution of committing other crimes (DP, 9). Around a hundred years later, there was a shift away from these public displays of power and violence to a more corrective and rehabilitating process. Foucault defines disciplinary power as the power to return a wrongdoer to the normative standards of society (DP, 179). As the years go on, power is taken away from a central body and is exhibited through institutions such as schools, prisons, and hospitals where power and knowledge is maintained through the sciences (e.g. psychology, sociology, and psychiatry) rather than laws. This new form of power is exercised over the individual's soul rather by disciplining their body (DP, 30). In other words, these new houses of power prefer a correctional approach in order to rehabilitate the wrongdoer and cut down on the amount of individuals not adhering to the norms of society (DP, 19). By doing this, disciplinary power and punishment is exercised over subjects through hierarchical observation, correcting individuals based off of an accepted norm (DP, 171, 183), and examination, which is characterized by the merging of observation and normalizing in order to more fully understand the actions and thought-process of the individual, thereby gaining more power over them (191). Foucault further argues that this shift from sovereign to disciplinary power was instantiated by evolution of power the state held (or wanted to implement) over its subjects. The new Enlightenment system of punishment that emerged in the early 19th century, although on its face seems to be a reaction against the old system of linking together punishment with violence and spectacle is in fact just a new system of power for the state and a new way of exercising control over its subjects. This new system is supposed to be a more humane way of dealing with offenders – it is meant to be seen as a cure in fact – however, the opposite is true: no longer is it intended to punish the individual, rather it is set up to supervise and observe the individual. This system of disciplinary power is no longer torturing the body, rather it is characterized by the deprivation of some sort of rights and liberties, most often by housing them in some sort of correctional institution. However, for Foucault, this does not remove the harm and injury of corporal punishment for to deprive an individual their rights and freedoms is to inflict a different form of pain. With this current form of punishment, the State has shifted its power into the shadows so to speak. It has distanced itself from grand, gruesome public displays of its power to a more nuanced and covert system of private punishment that no longer sates the bloodlust of the crowds that used to watch the executions (because as we will see with Nietzsche, people began to suppress their natural instincts around the time of the slave-morality revolt) but rather focuses its energy on the degradation of the offender's soul. In his Geneology of Morals, Nietzsche presents his view of how morality (and through that, punishment) has developed over the course of history. Retributivists assert that the essential essence of punishment is contained in the fair and equitable deserts it presents the guilty offenders with. To this, Nietzsche claims that this punishment did not come from the thought that the crimes of the guilty must be punished—in fact, he claims that this judgement is a rather late form of human observation and condemnation. Punishment, in Nietzsche's mind, came about as the will of the masters over the slaves, to enable them to experience and revel in the feeling of condemning someone and being able to abuse someone beneath them. In other words, punishing a wrongdoer was a right of the masters to engage in cruelty, something that was viewed as a positive trait. However, these values changed after the emergence of Christian ressentiment which flipped the cruelty exhibited by the masters before from something good to something evil; this taught man to be ashamed and to reject his primal instincts (those of the masters) which told him that cruelty and abuse was essential to a happy life. Before this reversal, humans celebrated our cruel instincts: â€Å"[W]ithout cruelty there is no festival: thus the longest and most ancient part of human history teaches—and in punishment there is so much that is festival!†( Nietzsche, Genealogy , essay 2, section 6). Nietzsche believed that punishment as it was supposed to be practiced in the days of the masters is no longer how it is actually practiced in modern society. This is because if punishment still represented the sovereign power (as Foucault would put it) of those who punished, we would no longer punish. Originally, punishment came about as the direct expression of the will of the powerful (what Foucault called the â€Å"sovereign†). However, in our modern society, a change has taken places and the roles in punishment have been reversed. Being powerful in ancient times was likened to being cruel and happy; being powerful nowadays is the ability to suppress those instincts, to reject cruelty and through that, punishment. Being able to punish is no longer an act of power over those beneath you; those who now punish are too frail to be able not to punish. This Christian ideal of ressentiment irrevocably changed who punished and what punishment actually is. Those who are now the punishers take punishment as not being the imposition of their will over those weaker than them but rather as the defending of their idea of justice by retributive means, by curing the sick, or by preventing further breaches of this justice. Nietzsche asserts that our understanding of punishment in modern times is a contradiction of its beginnings. He believes that the implementation of punishment—the remains of the â€Å"will to power†Ã¢â‚¬â€now prefers the morality of the weak, and tells them of the importance of getting retribution for the crimes committed, or the importance of doing only that which has utility. Therefore the weak aren't creating a new institution of punishment, rather they are transforming the old version under their new masters, into something that directly goes against what punishment was initially supposed to mean. Taking this idea into the perspective of Foucault, Nietzsche would say that the change in the meaning of punishment from that which gloried in public displays of violence to a penitentiary system which targeted the rehabilitation of the prisoner or to gain some sort of retribution for the criminal's offence has less to do with the punished and more to do with the punishers. To Nietzsche, this shift is in accordance with a rejection and suppression of basic human instincts, where the reveling and celebration of cruelty has been transformed into the idea of retribution or justice.

How Scholarly Articles Broaden the Students Understanding of Any Given Subject

How Scholarly Articles Broaden the Students Understanding of Any Given Subject Scholarly Articles Broaden the Students Outlook The student in higher education may ask: Beyond being required to incorporate them into my essays and papers, how are academic articles important? How exactly can they enhance my understanding of a subject? And don’t I get plenty of information from a course’s textbook? So Why Are They Important? A scholarly article is a short document written by an expert to convey and explore new information on a given subject. They are sources of high-quality information written by experts in a certain field – experts, by the way, who may have dedicated their entire life or career to exploring a subject. Scholarly articles, usually published by an academic press, are most always subject to a peer-review process, which means that in order for an article of this sort to be published a specialist or expert in the field must first evaluate its content, sources, and argument or analysis for quality and originality. This means that ALL the information conveyed in a scholarly article is credible, accurate and therefore beneficial to the student’s understanding of a subject and its real-world relevance and current applications. To put it plainly, scholarly articles, which are found in academic periodicals, are very advantageous to the student. Indeed most students will familiarize themselves with scholarly articles because students are generally required to include them in their research, their essays and their papers; students are usually required to evaluate an article’s content to expand on the topics they themselves are making in their academic work. But scholarly articles can also provide the student – perhaps one who may be struggling with grasping a subject or topic – with a general understanding of a subject. In some cases a textbook may only provide a student with a limited perspective on a topic or issue – while the scholarly article may offer differing viewpoints on a subject, perhaps providing both sides to a controversial subject, as well as explaining which side is more practical and why. They provide the student with the most up-to-date information on a subject, are good sources for generating ideas for papers and presentations, and are often briefer and sometimes easier to comprehend than maybe a textbook’s stale, one-sided and outdated approach in explaining a subject. Rather than providing a simple overview of the subject, which is the case with most textbooks, scholarly articles examine a subject, topic or issue in a practical way. An article of this sort reports on original research or experimentation, the kind usually only generalized in a textbook, and expands on that information and looks at a subject more in depth. The enduring purpose of these kinds of articles is to be made available to the rest of the scholarly or academic world. Scholarly articles can broaden a student’s understanding of a given subject or topic because those writing them are required to list the sources they used to write their article, in the form of footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies. The student looking to expand their knowledge on a subject can then look up any combination of these used sources, read them thoroughly, and as result will begin to familiarize themselves with a topic on several different levels. always strives to utilize top quality scholarly articles in its work. This ensures maximum quality and relevance of information that gets incorporated into our projects. For most disciplines the requirement is that all information should be no older than five years and from this stand, scholarly articles are an invaluable source of information. Feel free to contact us anytime and we guarantee you will get a quality product. is the service you can trust!

Essay on Health Care Reform ExplainedEssay Writing Service

Essay on Health Care Reform ExplainedEssay Writing Service Essay on Health Care Reform Explained Essay on Health Care Reform ExplainedThree different groups of people include elderly people, families and children, and government. Each of these groups will be impacted by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Kaiser Family Foundation).   The negative effects of the Act will include the effects of health care costs on annual family income and problems with coverage. Nevertheless, there will be positive effects, such as free services, prevention of discrimination and other benefits. For example, children will have the privilege to remain on their parent’s health care insurance plan until 26. As the Act has the major goals to protect patients, increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, reduce the uninsured rate and the costs of healthcare, each of the above mentioned groups will benefit from this reform as coverage and affordability will be increased. I believe that more people will benefit as a result of this policy. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), due to the Act, the cost of healthcare will be reduced. This fact means that more people will be able to get health care services (Onie, 2012). As the Act will provide about 95 percent of Americans with health insurance, preventative healthcare services will be more accessible to different groups.   In addition, people with pre-existing conditions will be not denied in receiving coverage by insurance companies. Besides, insurance companies will not drop insurance plan members when they get sick (Kaiser Family Foundation ,2010).   In general, people who cannot afford health insurance will be allowed to use Medicaid’s program. Besides, due to the Act, budget gaps will be reduced. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) states that the Act will reduce the national budget deficit by $143 billion by 2019 because of taxes and fees. In general, this policy will benefit many people as the coverage will be increased.

Total Quality Management (Case Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Total Quality Management (Case Study) - Essay Example Slight Sports, a sports equipment and hosiery manufacturing firm that has been operational for the last 40 years is one of the top organizations in the area of sports. The firm which started its operations from a single room became one of the top exporter of the sports equipment and accessories of the country. The major products included were footballs, basketballs, volley balls, tennis balls, sports hosieries and all the related equipment to these sports. Initially, Slight Sports catered to the local market for almost five years. The owner of the company, Mr. (XYZ) however, realized the potential of the foreign market and started looking for partners on foreign soils. With his untiring efforts, he found partners in different countries of the world and was able to create strong relationships with them. This was the start of the successful journey that Slight Sports enjoyed for almost thirty odd years. A major characteristic of Slight Sports products was that they were all handmade wh ich ultimately increased the value of their products worldwide. The visionary thinking and leadership characteristics of (XYZ) were instrumental in making Slight Sports earn its success. In the starting years of 2000, XYZ died due to heart disease. His death left a big hole in Slight Sports. The reins of the company were then transferred to his wife who started to look for new partners to modernize the firm in technological terms. The poor management skills and inexperience of Ms. XYZ proved extremely damaging for the firm. Kite Inc. who had been a major collaborator of Slight Sports in different countries ended their contract with Slight Sports sighting the declining quality of products and elimination of unique characteristics that were once forte of Slight Sports (Goldman, 100). The poor order management also played its part in ending of the contract. This was one of the major contract endings in the list which contained few other contract endings as well. Just in a couple of years Slight Sports had to cut back from all the major foreign deals and limited their operations to the local market. It is imperative to note that leadership is a key aspect in deciding a f irm’s success. The strategy, order management, client handling, etc, are important parts of any business, but there is no denying that they all come under the umbrella of leadership (Karni, 59). A firm with strong leader and few resources can attain the unattainable but a firm with huge resources and a weak leader cannot even attain the attainable. Findings, Recommendations & Conclusion The new owner did not realize the actual potential of slight sports. Her inexperience decided the firm’s downfall. She looked for new customers not realizing the company was not in the position to fulfill orders exceeding its capacity. She also cut down the unique characteristic Slight Sports had of â€Å"handmade† products by installing new machines. The installation of machines which should have been a good step proved damaging for them as it eliminated their point of major strength (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 75). The new owner needs to focus on constant quality management t echniques such as implying six sigma concepts in the business after the business gets stable. This is important because for quality to remain consistent, it needs to be maintained on a constant note by strong supervision of policies and procedures. Six sigma concepts may take time to embed in the firm's policies but nevertheless it should be implied as soon as

Cultural Competency in Medicine Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultural Competency in Medicine - Case Study Example The University of Nalanda, built in the 4th century, was also one of the greatest achievements of ancient India. Ayurveda, the system of traditional medicine, has its origins in India. Today there are 28 states and 7 Union territories in the country. The Government of India has introduced various health programs and policies. But most of the development indicators paint a grim picture, especially of the remote rural parts, where access to proper health care is still a major challenge. Rural poor often resort to alternative medicines and home remedies, which are cheaper than visiting qualified and trained health professionals. Religious beliefs and superstitions also add to their reluctance. Among many others, diabetes is one of the fastest growing health problems in India. Estimates show that India is home to around 40 million diabetics. This number gives India the dubious distinction of being home to the largest number of diabetics in any one country. The high rate of prevalence of complications is disturbing. The picture becomes all the more gloomy with reports that many patients already have these complications at the time of diagnosis. It is a widely accepted fact that more than 35-40% of people show the presence of some diabetes related complications at the time of diagnosis. India has a distinct need for a comprehensive diabetes care program. ... Most of the health budget is focused around immunization, providing clean drinking water and sanitation to the majority of the people. The government does not seem to have the finances to undertake any major program for non communicable diseases in general and diabetes in particular. Studies show that diabetic foot syndrome, which is a common yet preventable complication of diabetes, is even more neglected aspect of the disease in India. Peripheral sensory neuropathy, improper footwear, lack of patient knowledge about foot care and uncontrolled diabetes are some of the factors contributing to this syndrome. In India, footwear practices vary widely. Apart from a significant proportion of people walking barefoot outdoors, a majority of Indians walk barefoot indoors. While visiting religious shrines, people always go barefoot. In a tropical country like India, where the pavements or asphalt roads become very hot, and the rural pathways are uneven and dusty, walking barefoot can lead to injury. Furthermore, use of footwear like Hawaian chappal, which has a rubber sole supported by a strap in the first inter-digital space, but no back strap, exposes the feet to injury. Shoes, when worn by either sex, are often pointed and thus further expose the foot to injury. Also, the practice of not wearing socks, particularly in Indian females can result in a hyperkeratotic and fissured heel or a callosity of the first interdigital space or injury to the great toe. Overview of the case Murali, 60, has migrated to the US recently from the southern part of India. He has spent most part of his life working as a postman in a remote Indian village. Ever since his wife died two years back, he has been having constant health problems. With no proper medical facilities in