Social And Corporate Responsibility Rompetrol Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2485 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? OMV is one of the leading companies in the world, that is why one of their main purposes is to have an encourage staff and employees to provide excellent service and attention to the customers. OMV company take special care about their staff by organizing a survey every year. The aim of this survey for OMV is to find employees` problems and to find possible solutions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social And Corporate Responsibility Rompetrol Finance Essay" essay for you Create order OMV`s goals are to have happy and satisfied staff. In addition they organize specific health programs, which are planned by experts to prevent possible physical or psychical problems at the workplace. Also OMV is organizing training and developing programs, supporting team building. A very important part of OMV social and corporate responsibility is to pay special attention to the environment and nature surrounding. OMV hold a company called Future Energy Fund, which goal is to participate in projects connected with renewable energy and reduction of emissions. In addition OMV has a special technology called Ad Blue, which save 60% of the costs and emissions, and is particularly set to reduce greenhouse gases. Social and corporate responsibility Rompetrol: Rompetrol is also a large cooperation, which is not so popular in the world, that is why their main task is to have a happy and polite staff, so their customers want to come back. Rompetrol is participating in many ways for social and corporate responsibility. Rompetrol respect their employees and organize often development opportunities and employment practices. In addition they mostly respect, protect and promote the human rights, culture, customs and values of the company. In 2009 Rompetrol organized a national program called Together for each and everyone, which focuses on healthcare and environment program. Rompetrol and Ghizii Romaniei supported and organized a project, which aim to include ecology, educational activities, civic and sport spirit. In the recent two years, OMV has made discoveries in Romania, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and Australia. By this way they build that basis for future growth. This is the basis for future growth. In addition, many development pr ojects are in the pipeline in Yemen, Tunisia, and West of Shetland, for example. Assuming production levels in Libya and Yemen return to normal, EPs project portfolio will allow organic growth to increase from 318,000 boe/d in 2010 by around 2% per year to about 350,000 boe/d in 2016. In the current situation, Rompetrol say for them that the project they were planning is moving into action. Due to studies led by Rompetrol, they have estimated and increase of the current net USD 100 million margin over years 2007-2011. They benefit from the advice of Solomon partners and aim to realize maximum operational excellence upon minimal investments. Also, they are moving forward with the already started goal of being in the list of 25 European refineries. OMV will increase its EP business over the next years by two or four per cent per annum. Over two thirds of OMVs future investments will be directed towards the exploration, development, and production of oil and gas. What is more , the top executives of Rompetrol made a discussion about the future The leadership of the Rompetrol Group discuss a future co-operation with the Romanian state owning forty five present of the Rompetrol Groups Romania- based refining unit Rompetrol Rafinare. The working group will be consistent of the following executives: TRG Executive Manager Zhanat Tussupbekov. Moreover, Rompetrols strategic aim envisages co-operation its position in Bulgarian fuel market, with intensive and extensive development programs. However, they will enlarge retail network, by opening new franchised offices. Then Rompetrol will start many different programs to attract and retain client in their network. According to article which we find in the internet the Corporate Governance is highly essential to OMV. A good teamwork between management and the Advisory Board is important to respect and to work for the best interests of all shareholders and offer confidence to OMVs stakeholders. However OMV is r un are that Austrian government offers them lower taxes in order OMV to keep their head office in Vienna and in this way to save many working places. On the other hand the mission of Rompetrol is to offer reasonable fuel distribution answers to individuals and businesses, with the complete cost efficient supply channels, stimulating modernization and delivering return on investments to our shareholders. We stress to the vertical integration of its sole shareholder by providing access to European petroleum product markets. IAS 37 is the Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets summaries the accounting for supplies (liabilities of uncertain timing or amount), together with commission assets and contingent liabilities. Some of the major investment are related with future investments and discover new reserves. Some firms formed consortium liked the biggest one in the world between Total OMV and Repsol. They have a huge progress in Romania by finding new reserves of petrol and natural gas. The interesting fact here is that they will start examining the Bulgarian part of the Black sea shore. Rompetrol is on the same way interested in future investment but the main target is the Turkish market. Their major reserves are related mostly with the Kazakhstan national oil and gas company KazMunayGas. IFRS 8 suggests the accounting and admissions required for an entitys working sections, goods and services, and the geographical parts in which it operates and its main clients. In every period end OMV and Rompetrol are obligated to shows their cash flow in the business registry and that is the official way of showing their revenues. Unofficially everyone can look for the annual report in the internet but there is no guarantee that it will legitimate. PART B Every company needs a detailed explanation of its financial performance, how their entity is running in the market. They can use information of quantitative and qualitative nature extracted from both internal and external sources. Ratio analysis is a major part of conducting a business, according to Dyson (2007) it is simply the division of one arithmetical amount by other arithmetical amount, and then expressed as a percentage or as a factor. Basically, ratio analyses are one of the most useful financial tools, because it compares one figure with another. Simply it expresses relationship between lots of amounts easily and simply. Ratio analysis is an important technique in the interpretation of account, and in this paper we will evaluate ten ratios for both companies for the last two years and the outcomes, results will be analyzed. All numbers, figures and calculations used below are used and can be find in Appendix 1. Firstly, we evaluated liquidity ratios, which contain C urrent Asset ratio and Acid-test ratio. When we evaluate current asset ratio, if the company is going well his current assets should excess its current liabilities, if this rule is not observed that means that the entity havent sufficient liquid resources. Which means that the company will not be ready to turn its currents assets quickly into cash. In our situation OMV has higher current assets that current liabilities, which show that this company is stable, liquid and running well. On other hand we have Rompetrol, which has some troubles, because in 2011 its current liabilities increased and they are more than their current assets, which tell us that this company havent sufficient liquid resources. According to the acid-test ratio OMV has strong position on the market, the main requirement here is acid-test ratio to be smaller than current ratio and this rule is observed. On annual report of the other company, Rompetrol has also lower acid-test ratio, but the problem here is that they have decrease in inventories in the last 2011 year than 2010. Secondly, we calculated efficiency ratio, which are an important part of conducting a business. As a whole, traditional accounting statements dont tell us how efficiently an entity is or how well its resources have been looked after, that is why there are many types of ratios, which are very important about conducting a business. Trade Payables Settlement Period show us that OMV has some small problems with paying suppliers, but in the next 2011 they really improve this and decrease the payment with 20 days. Rompetrol is showing bare problems with paying to suppliers although they have decrease also in days, it is from 72 to 60, which is according to us not satisfied period, but this can be due to the times if crisis. Inventory turnover period show us how their inventory policy is moving. OMV confirm their good policy and we can see decrease in their inventory turnover period. Rompetrol is also showing little decr ease in inventory turnover period and prove their improvement. Trade Receivables Settlement Period ratio confirm that both companies are running well, and according to this ratio they have enhanced credit system, because both of them decrease the debtors period settlement. Net Assets Turnover is a pointer showing how generated revenue per unit of investment is improved. Both companies show that they are strength and stable, because we observe that they increased their net asset turnover from 2010 to 2011. Next step was to check up how profitability ratios are going on. Profitability ratio show us how much profit a business/company has made and also this type of ratios give us a great opportunity to compare it with previous periods or with other entities., according to Dyson (2007). Gross Profit Margin is a ratio which shows us that both companies have not well developed trading success, because their GPMs have decreased from 2010 to 2011. Operating Profit Margin is clearly showin g the ongoing performance of the company, also it measures levels of and rates of profitability, whether a company is successful or not. OMV and Rompetrol`s operating profit margins decreased from 2011 to 2010. Return on Capital Employed is also a part of profitability ratios and its main concept is to show how the business earnings from its assets. An eventual increase here, can be due to increase in operating profit. In our situation we observe increase in both companies. A major part of how the business flow is the Gearing Ratio, where debt has to be less than equity. OMV obey this rule and their non-current assets are less than total equity, but on the other hand we can observe that Rompetrol`s non-current liabilities increase and are more than equity from 2010 to 2011 and that is why their gearing ratio increase. According to the analyzed data, we can conclude that OMV is running well and is also a strong and stable company, because their mission is to increase their tota l assets and to decrease their liabilities and they succeed, while Rompetrol is facing some troubles with conducting and running the business as a whole. PART C Currently, the company controlled by the Austrian group OMV, seems to have adopted the idea of diversifying activity by increasing the weight of hy-drocarbon exploration and energy production. The important level, firms belonging to this industry is strongly influenced by the macroeconomic cycle, mainly by means of fuels and energy required in industrial processes. Therefore, the best time to invest in stocks of the energy field is towards the middle of the economic expansion. However, starting from the hypothesis of an economic revival as of 2013 and estimated by the stock exchange market, we have kept a rising price target set against current values. The analysis for the macro and micro economic factors for the both companies OMV and Rompetrol are very similar because there are in the same branch. The policy of the both company is to invest I different securities on the stock exchange to maximize their profit. In the macro analyses basically there are demographic factors how the population in countries is changing, what is the population growth and also what is the average education of the population in the countries where these companies are located. But the main differences came from the average income of the people in the different countries and also what are their savings and also dose the population have many credits. Also here in the macro economic factors we can put the investment political campaign and also into new technologies and into ecological improvements of the refineries and to produce more pollution friendly products and also to invest in organizations which are dealing with environment savings. The micro economic factors are in general formed from the different suppliers and customers. Also for its analyze formation are very important and the employees and least but not last the creditors are also very important. Part D Meeting 1; Date, time, location: 06.01.2013, 11:00, IUC C-Lab Hemis numbers of those attending: Brief details of the work done and / or topics discussed: Choose two companies, which meet the requirements Make a plan, what should be written in the different parts Make some drafts of examples Finding all relevant ratios Finding annual reports for both companies for the recent years Details of any plans made or decisions taken: We decided to choose OMV and Rompetrol companies for our course work Peer Assessment Hemis number 0 and 8Â  [1] Tsvetan Iliev 678866 8 Valentin Fetvadjiev 678858 6 Daniel Filev 7 Milena Frateva 5 Meeting 2; Date, time, location: 07.01.2013, 11:00, IUC C-Lab Hemis numbers of those attending: Brief details of the work done and / or topics discussed: We started Part A We discussed how should we have to analyse the ratios We make a research gathering about interesting information about both companies Review of the work done to date, or since the last meeting: We finished part A We found hot and special information about both companies We are ready to start parts B and C, because we have the relevant ratios and we discussed to analyse them Peer Assessment Hemis number 0 and 8Â  [2] Tsvetan Iliev 678866 8 Daniel Filev 7 Valentin Fetvadjiev 678858 6 Milena Frateva 5 Meeting 3; Date, time, location: 14.01.2013, 11:00, IUC C-Lab Hemis numbers of those attending: 678866, 678858 Brief details of the work done and / or topics discussed: We are ready with evaluating all ratios for both companies We put them into an appendix We are ready to analyse them in the next meeting Details of any plans made or decisions taken: To analyse Part B and to start Part C in the next meeting Peer Assessment Hemis number 0 and 8Â  [3] Tsvetan Iliev 678866 8 Valentin Fetvadjiev 678858 7 Meeting 4; Date, time, location: 16.01.2013, 10:00, IUC C-Lab Hemis numbers of those attending: 678866, 678858 Brief details of the work done and / or topics discussed: We discussed how to analyse the ratios What does this results mean We finished part B We have a special meeting with people, who worked in the administration of both companies and asked them for interesting information, which will help us to finish part C We finish part C Details of any plans made or decisions taken: To make a meeting in Candy bar club (Kempinski Hotel Zografski) for the last part D Peer Assessment Hemis number 0 and 8Â  [4] Tsvetan Iliev 678866 8 Valentin Fetvadjiev 678858 7 Meeting 5; Date, time, location: 17.01.2012, 18:30, Candy bar club (Hotel Kempinski Zografski) Hemis numbers of those attending: 678866, 678858 Brief details of the work done and / or topics discussed: We finished Part D The course work is ready to be hand-in. Peer Assessment Hemis number 0 and 8Â  [5]

Essay To My One Love - 1256 Words

Facing death at any age is difficult, but for Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and John Sullivan, it came early, resulting in two essays retelling their experience. In their accounts of these situations, the author can see they both want to emphasise that death can come in very unexpected situations. To My One Love, by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, begins on page 17 of 50 Essays by Samuel Cohen. In her essay, set in present day, she has flashbacks to her relationship with a boy â€Å"from the wrong side of town† named Nnamdi. They were in a loving relationship against their peers’ wishes. When it came time for them to separate due to education in separate locations, they had ended the relationship, but not before Nnamdi had promised that them†¦show more content†¦In addition to the brain scans, the article titled â€Å"Romance novel† on Wikipedia also shows support to my claim of the romance genre affecting the reader. The article states, â€Å"By the 2000s, romance had become the most popular genre in modern literature.†, and in speaking of 2008, â€Å"making up 13.5% of the consumer market.† With evidence of readers choosing romance genres, I believe the audience will also lean toward an essay containing a romance genre. Another way I believe To My One Love was more effective is because of the tone of her essay compared to Feet in Smoke. In To My One Love, Chimamanda recalls her experience in present day with flashbacks to when her and Nnamdi were together. In her present day, she presents herself with joy of just publishing poetry in a newspaper office. She says on page 17 of 50 Essays, â€Å"I swaggered and smiled, too full of accomplishment.† When she notices a picture on the wall of Nnamdi dead, the continuation of the essay is foreboding (the flashbacks) and somber (going through the rest of present day). 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Signal Transduction Exam 2018 Free Essays

This figure is from Labasque et al., 2008 (GPCR week). A) Describe the experiment shown here and what was learned as a result. We will write a custom essay sample on Signal Transduction Exam 2018 or any similar topic only for you Order Now B) Design a negative control for this experiment and describe why it is a good control. C) Design an experiment to confirm this result in living cells. Please include controls in your experimental design. Signal Transduction Exam 2018 A) The experiment was performed on human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line. The extracts of solubilized proteins were taken under consideration for this experiment. These were then transfected with different vectors: CTL (empty vectors), co-transfected with GFP fused Calmodulin(GFP-CaM) and serotonin receptor either wild type 5-HT2C or 5-HT2CR376/377A which were treated with a vehicle or 5-HT for five minutes, they analyzed the binding reaction by Western Blot and Immunoprecipitation (IP) techniques. Immunoprecipitation was done of these soluble proteins with polyclonal antibody:anti-GFP. Furthermore, these immunoprecipitated proteins were blotted using a monoclonal anti-GFP antibody along with anti-5-HT2C receptor antibody.As a result of this experiment, it was found that the absence of agonist, 5-HT2C receptor did not co-immunoprecipitate with calmodulin in solubilized proteins that were co-transfected with Myc-5-HT2C receptor and GFP-CaM. However, serotonin receptor co-immunoprecipitated with GFP-CaM after treatment with 5-HT for 5 minutes. But the exposure with 5-HT2CR376/377A did not co-immunoprecipitate GFP-CaM with serotonin receptor. It proves that 5-HT2C receptors are linked with CaM depending on the presence of agonist. The experiment performed is to check the agonist dependent precipitation of GFP-CaM and serotonin receptors in the presence of Myc-5HT2C 5-HT exposure. So, the negative control to be designed here for this experiment can be simply of serotonin receptor and CaM. This would result in no immunoprecipitation and prove as a good negative control. On analyzing it through western blotting it could be proved that no immunoprecipitation had occurred in this control. To confirm the results in living cells the same experiment could be used to check the that whether the immunoprecipitation is agonist dependent or not. Take solubilized proteins from living cells and co-transfect them with GFP-CaM and 5-HT2C receptor followed by exposure to 5-HT, then analyze immunoprecipitation via western blotting. The negative control for this experiment will include only CaM and serotonin receptor, and further analyzing it with western blotting, the results of blotting will show no precipitation in negative.2. These figures are from Fig. 6A,C of Fan et al. (src kinase folder). (A) Explain the experiments shown here. What was being tested? What conclusions can be drawn? How can it be improved? (B) Design another experiment to test the same concept/hypothesis? Include your controls.4839335107886500A) In figure A: Human embryonic kidney cells were transfected with constructs for carrying out this experiment. Immuno-precipitation was carried out of tagged PAG with an antibody against regulator MYC, its interaction is studied here with SRC and BRK followed by immunoblotting analyzation. The result of this experiment was delaying in electrophoretic mobility of tagged PAG protein, when it was co-expressed with SRC. This delay is considered due to the hyper-phosphorylation. However, on co-expression of PAG and BRK this band shift was less evident. In figure C: Co-transfection of HEK 293 cells with MYC-PAG and SRC followed by treatment in the absence or presence of SRC kinase inhibitor SU6656 (5 M) for at least 1 hour. PAG was immunoprecipitated by antibody against MYC, and the binding of CSK was compared by immunoblotting. On the other hand, the disturbance of link b/w CSK and PAG was observed on weakening SRC activity by a small molecular inhibitor SU6656, this experiment concluded the importance of SRC kinase activity for functioning of CSK. Also, this study shows that distinct mechanisms have evolved to regulate the activities of two structurally similar and functionally related kinases, BRK and SRC, understanding of the signaling function of protein phosphatases, including definition of their substrate specificities, will allow us to exploit a greater spectrum of the changes in signaling in disease and to generate new and more effective strategies for therapeutic intervention in major human diseasesB) To test the same hypothesis with controls, take breast cancer frozen samples of different patients, divide the sample in two groups one will be the test group other the control group. The control group will be given doses of anti-tumor medication (like tamoxifen for breast cancer). RNA will be extracted from both groups using Trizol and will be followed by purification assay. The breast cancer cell lines will be transfected with empty vectors or pcDNA3-MKP3-V5. Furthermore, the transfectants will be placed in media like minimum essential media MEM with phenol red, followed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis, and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane. After transferring they will be incubated with primary antibody for an hour or more then with the secondary antibody to observe the chemiluminescence with a reagent. The cells will then be lysed in a buffer, phosphatase reaction carried out will be observed by assays and transfected cells will be compared with control ones to whom tamoxifen was given.36734750003. This is figure 4b from Gresset et al (phospholipases folder). (A) What is the hypothesis being tested in this experiment? (B) Describe how the experiment was done, including results. (C) Predict what might happen to PLC? activity if Tyrosine783 was ‘permanently’ phosphorylated and explain why. The hypothesis being tested here is the enhancement in the lipase activity of phospholipaseC-?1 via phosphorylation of one or both specified tyrosine residues (Y775 and Y783) in the downstream process of signal transduction.To perform the experiment, equal concentrations of purified phospholipase-C-?1 were set on incubation with the active kinase domain of the Fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR2 and ATP in bovine serum albumin containing buffer, the samples of this reactions were tested for two activities: 1) for lipase activity in the phospholipid vehicles indicated in the figure on left Y axis. Secondly the phosphate incorporation in phospholipase-C-?1 was studied, illustrated at right Y axis of the figure. 4 moles of phosphate were added to each test samples, the Wildtype inactive PLC?1 was taken as a normal control with its basal phospholipase activity, active PLC?1 with wildtype FGFR2K served as a positive control with phosphate and PLC?1 knockout mutant served as negative control to quantify the phospholipase activity among the mutants. This was performed to check the phosphorylation of tyrosine and auto inhibition of PLC-? isozymes, 775/783 of PLC-?1 were substitutes at the place of phenylalanine, they could be used individually or together, but in the experiment tyr783 is used individually. Phospholipase activity of resulting mutant after purification was quantified with active domain of FGFR2K (helps in phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase). Certain known moles of phosphates were added into purified PLC-?1 in wild type under above mentioned conditions and observed that phospholipase activity was enhanced 10 times. The mutation of tyr783 completely nullified the kinase stimulated acceleration of phospholipase activity along with reduction in FGFR2K-promoted phosphorylation of PLC-?1. This experiment proves that, phosphorylation of Tyr783 is vital for relief of auto-inhibition.Studies reveal that Tyr-783 was essential for auto inhibition. As discussed above, permanent phosphorylation of tyr-783 will completely nullify the kinase stimulated and FGFR2K stimulated phosphorylation of PLC-?1. Lipase activity of PLC-?1 will be enhanced across its limits and over-expression of PLC-?1 can induce malignant transformation. The results could be leading to production of carcinoma cells. It has been found in various studies that activity of PLC-?1 is more in cancerous cells as compared to normal cells. So, permanent phosphorylation tyr783 could be a way leading to malignant cancers.3416300-254000004. This figure is from Tsui et al. 2015. (lipid raft folder). (A) Explain the relationship between GFR and Ret51 and what they are testing in this paper (the overall idea). (B) Explain the experiment shown in this figure and what was learned. (C) What is a negative control that could improve the conclusions from this experiment?GFR and Ret51 both are receptors, GDNF is found to promote PNS development and kidney morphogenesis through the receptor complex consisting of GDNF family receptor 1 (GFR1) and the other receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret). Ret signal transduction is increased by translocation of GFR. GFR-mediated Ret activation is essential too for the kidney morphogenesis and for various other functions of abdominal precursors that form abdominal nervous system. Also, GFR has many lipid rafts because its GPI anchorage, but Ret is expelled from lipid rafts. In this paper, the gene replacement for GFR in mice results GDNF resulting in Ret activation but prevented its translocation into lipid rafts. These mice showed renal agenesis, and other disorders including loss of the enteric nervous system, and defects in motor neuron axon path similar to GFR mice that was knocked out, all this provided evidence along with lipid rafts GFR is also needed for neurotrophic factor signaling.Primary considerate neurons secluded from Gfr1and Gfr1TM/TM mice were maintained in vitro for some days. Then they treated the neurons with GDNF or medium for exact time of 15 minutes. The Detergent-resistant membranes quarantined from the neurons were examined by immunoblotting for Ret51. The comparative purity of detergent resistant and detergent soluble fractions was confirmed by using immunoblotting for caveolin and transferrin receptor, respectively B, the experiments shown in A, were computed and graphed. Otherwise, Substantial decline in the amount of Ret51 was recorded statistically that translocated into lipid rafts while GDNF stimulation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons compared with Gfr1 neurons. Similar Results were obtained after performing the experiment four times .Moreover, Lipid raft translocation experiments were performed to prove the concept that GDNF/GFR1/Ret complex does not translocate into lipid rafts in Gfr1TM/TM mice. Primary sympathetic neurons from Gfr1/ and Gfr1TM/TM mice were used to extract detergent-resistant membranes. Upon stimulation of Gfr1/ neurons with GDNF, Ret translocated quickly into lipid rafts. This was a contrast to Gfr1TM/TM neurons that an evident reduced movement of Ret into the detergent-resistant was recorded because of GDNF exposure. A small portion of Ret that did translocate into lipid rafts while stimulation may be owing to Ret kinase-dependent translocation of Ret into rafts that occurs with slower movements. There was a significant, 75% reduction in the kinetics of the Ret receptor complex into lipid rafts during GDNF exposure in Gfr1TM/TM neurons according to computation made by these experiments. The negative control design here for confirming the results that Ret doesn’t translocate into lipid rafts during GFL activation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons, the primary sympathetic neurons isolated from Gfr1/and Gfr1TM/TM mice will be grown in the same way as test ones, with the only difference that there will be no treatment with GDNF or medium for 15 minutes, and the impact of this will confirm the result to much greater extent upon immunoblotting. How to cite Signal Transduction Exam 2018, Papers

Christian Ethics for Theological and Historical- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theChristian Ethics for Theological and Historical. Answer: The article The Centrality of Conscience in Eastern Orthodox Ethics by Father Stanley S. Harakas sheds light on the orthodox perspective of conscience through several perspectives. Conscience is perceived as the psychological phenomenon (Klanjek., Vazsonyi and Trejos-Castillo 2012). Conscience makes human psyche to segregate the morally right from the morally wrong. Conscience has a several types of interpretations, as it cannot be analyzed in a uniform manner. According to Socrates interpretation of conscience, Diamon, the conscience is forced phenomenon on human psyche condemning the wrong and praising the right (Klanjek., Vazsonyi and Trejos-Castillo 2012). The eastern orthodox ethics advocates the concept of Guardian Angel and Voice of God in depicting conscience. The centrality of conscience defines the God is absolute good. According to me, the concept of Guardian Angel does not stand. In reality there is no customary angel on anyone`s shoulder to instruct them towards the morally right path and on the hand the devil perched on other shoulder is restricted from doing the right (Bezzerides, Prodromou 2017). Conscience is regulated by the emotions of human being, which is influenced by the factors like, family, environment, and education and genetic. The Eastern Orthodox Ethics also draws the example of Adam and Eve in terms of covering the guilt the conscience is used as the excuse to escape the guilt. According to me conscience is a phenomenon restricts the human from committing wrong so that the guilt does not sting the human psyche (Bezzerides, Prodromou 2017). Lastly, the conscience does not work in a mechanical manner. One has to develop a sharp and enriched conscience. In the article Foundations of a Christian Ethic, the Christian Ethic is defined as a perception of Christian theology that segregates the morally good behavior from the immoral behavior. In terms of Christian Ethic Grenez suggests that there are several perspectives of Christian Ethics, which differ from each other (Glaw 2014). Ethics not always connected to spirit and word. The heteronymous perspective of Christian Ethic focuses on the written draft of scripture. Christian Ethic depends on the external sources, as it believes the God instructed people with the way of living a life (Glaw 2014). On the contrary, the Protestants believe the Bible as the ultimate source of ethereal guidance. In term of regulating human life the Protestant`s view is that Bible is the foundation of life. The law suggests there are some embargoes in leading the daily life, which is directly connected, to specific foods (Niebuhr 2012). According to Grenzs perspective about the foundation of Christian Ethic is related to the Bible, which is considered as the law book of leading a life. Grenz looks into the principles, which is written in the scriptures for primary source of specific laws. Grenz supports the heteronymous perspectives of foundation of Christian Ethics, though the heteronymous perspectives are formed from assumption of the divine revelation. According to Grenz the biblical definition of God is the ultimate creator and there is a fundamental relationship between the God and the earth and the heaven (Niebuhr 2012). Grenz suggest that declaration of the existence of God is the answer of many ethical questions of ethical value of Christianity. References Bezzerides, A.M. and Prodromou, E.H. eds., 2017.Eastern Orthodox Christianity and American Higher Education: Theological, Historical, and Contemporary Reflections. University of Notre Dame Pess. Glaw, A.M., 2014.The Holy Spirit and Christian Ethics in the Theology of Klaus Bockmuehl. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Klanjek, R., Vazsonyi, A.T. and Trejos-Castillo, E., 2012. Religious orientation, low self-control, and deviance: Muslims, Catholics, Eastern Orthodox-, and Bible Belt Christians.Journal of Adolescence,35(3), pp.671-682. Niebuhr, R., 2012.An interpretation of Christian ethics. Westminster John Knox Press.

Female Genital Mutilation

Female genital mutilation is often practiced in Northern and sub-Saharan Africa. The opponents of this surgery believe that it is supposed to increase sexual attractiveness of women or young girls.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Female Genital Mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, there are no medical reasons to perform it. However, one cannot easily draw parallels between female genital mutilation and other procedures that women undertake in more developed countries. In order to illustrate this argument, one should focus on the social and cultural origins of this practice. To a great extent, it can be explained by considerable gender inequalities existing in many African communities in which women do not have any opportunity for expressing their disagreement with existing behavioral norms. Admittedly, one can say that in various advanced countries, women often undergo cosmetic surgeries that can not be explained by any medical reasons. To a great extent, these women attempt to reach the standards of physical attractiveness, established in the society. Moreover, these standards can be imposed on them through various agents of socialization such as mass media. However, there are some distinctions that should not be overlooked. First of all, female genital mutilation is widespread in the communities in which the rights of women are virtually non-existent (â€Å"Jane’s Story: Surviving Violence†). For instance, they can be beaten almost to death, and they cannot expect any protection from the community. Moreover, young girls do not give their consent for this surgery; in fact, they can be forced to undergo this procedure (â€Å"Jane’s Story: Surviving Violence†). They are not allowed to raise any objections or even speak about the painfulness of genital mutilation. Such protests are usually not tolerated. In contrast, women, who choose to undertake c osmetic surgery, do it voluntarily. Certainly, there is some social pressure which can prompt them to reach the standards of physical beauty. However, their informed consent is necessary. This is why it is difficult to compare female genital mutilation with other procedures that can be performed in more developed countries. Additionally, it is important to remember that female genital mutilation can be viewed as a rite of passage in many African communities (Ogega 3). In many cases, it implies that a girl passes into womanhood. So, this practice is a part of the cultural tradition. This is one of the reasons why the government finds it very difficult to eliminate this practice by legally prohibiting it (Ogega 3). This is one of the peculiarities that should be taken into account. In contrast the procedures undertaken by women in more developed countries are not ritualistic. This is another difference that should not be overlooked.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, female genital mutilation can be regarded as an example of discrimination against women. In many cases, they can be denied the right to their own bodies. Moreover, one should not forget that this surgery can pose a great threat to the health or even lives of women since they can be exposed to the risk of infection. Nevertheless, one should not draw parallels between this practice and other procedures that are widespread in more advanced countries. Female genital mutilation is the result of great gender inequalities in African communities. Women and girls, who are subjected to this procedure, are not able to express their discontent. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Works Cited â€Å"Jane’s Story: Surviving Violence†. MPANZI, n.d. Web. https://mpanzi.org/. Ogega, Jackie. Pervasive Violence: What Makes Female Genital Cutting Possible,  Even Inevitable ? New York: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012. Print. This essay on Female Genital Mutilation was written and submitted by user Colleen Wing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Female genital mutilation Female genital mutilation is defined by the World Health Organization as a procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for no medical reasons. It is carried out without anesthesia and may involve injury of the genital area. This practice is usually carried out on girls who have just reached puberty or are a few days old into puberty.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practice is usually carried out by a traditional circumciser or a person who is experienced in doing the mutilation in a traditional non-medical setting. The cut is made using a knife, scissors or razor blade. This practice is common in Western, Northern and Eastern parts of Africa and some parts of Asia and the Middle East. It is also practiced among some immigrant communities in Europe, Australia and North America. It is estimated that approximat ely 100-140 million girls around the world have undergone female genital mutilation. Out of the 140 million, 92 million are from Africa (Gruenbaum, 2001). There are four types of female genital mutilation. However, only three of the four types are commonly practiced. Type I involves removal of the clitoral hood. Usually this also involves removal of the clitoris itself. Type II involves removal of the clitoris and the inner labia while type three involves removal of the inner and outer labia, the clitoris, and stitching of the wound leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The stitches only come off during sexual intercourse and child birth. This usually involves tearing and bleeding. Type III is the most common of the procedures and is usually practiced in several countries such as Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti. Type IV involves symbolic pricking of the clitoris or labia or cutting of the vagina to widen it (Gollaher, 2000). Rationale Female genital mutilati on is considered to be a violation of the human rights of the girl child hence the reason for choosing this topic. Issues that have been raised about the practice focus on the human rights violations, lack of informed consent and health risks. Health risks include issues such as recurrent vaginal and urethral tract infections. In addition, complications during child birth are likely to occur. Several countries have made efforts to stop the practice following health concerns and medical risks associated with the practice. Previous studies An observation that 90% of Eritrean women had undergone circumcision in 2002 sparked an interest in understanding the trends, factors that lead to female genital mutilation and its consequences. This study used data collected from the 2002 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2003 Female Genital Mutilation to determine factors that influence mothers to take their daughters through the practice and attitudes towards the practice (Woldmi cael, 2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings of the study found that female genital mutilation was more common among older women than it was among the younger ones. The younger women were less likely to take their daughters through the female genital mutilation process than the older women. The study also revealed that 89% of Eritrean women had undergone the practice. 39% had undergone the type III genital mutilation which is the most severe of the 4 types. When it comes to religion, neither Christianity nor Islam seems to have any significant influence on the practice (Woldmicael, 2009). The findings show that even the least severe form of genital mutilation leads to complications during birth and puts the victim at risk of other health complications. This study also showed that social acceptance also favored the practice. The practice is considered to be an hono r and earns the family respect. It also increases the girl’s chances of getting married. The society also believes that genital mutilation controls sexual promiscuity, protects the girl from potential seducers and rapists and also preserves her virginity (Woldmicael, 2009). The study shows that female genital mutilation is being practiced in parts of this world and therefore strategies to combat it have been put in place. However, for a practice that is considered to be a violation of human rights of the girl child, it is still being practiced among some communities. Governments have been urged to implement laws that incriminate this practice in regions where it is being practiced. However, it is very difficult to implement the law if the practice is a widely accepted vice. Very little research has been done in trying to establish why the practice still exists even when those who practice it have been educated and sensitized on the issue. Therefore this study will investigate further on the existing socio-cultural dynamics of female genital mutilation. Approaches to the study The most common question is why those who practice female genital mutilation actually do it. Some people have condemned the practice while others simply have tried to understand the practice. It is however important to understand the cultural history of the practice if one is to be able to understand the cultural dynamics. Most people attribute the practice to Islam but it has been shown that religion does not play a part in the practice. Several customs and beliefs contribute to female genital mutilation and these customs are often hard to get rid of.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Female genital mutilation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Sudan, for instance, it is believed that the campaign against FGM was a sure way of changing women’s consciousness. If a woman allowed her genitals to be rem oved, a heightened level of motherhood is achieved because it would not be tainted by sexuality. As a result she earns respect in the community. She also becomes empowered because by going through the process, she gets to earn respect from society (Shell-Duncan Hernland, 2000). Other societies regard uncircumcised women to be unclean and unfit to handle food and water. Their status as a mother is regarded to be impure and is often looked down upon. Some communities believe that if a woman is not circumcised then her genitals will continue to grow and dangle in between her legs. In addition, they believe that if a man’s penis came into contact with a woman’s clitoris, he would die. Similarly, if a baby’s head came into contact with the clitoris, it would also die (Boyle, 2002). Conclusion Female genital mutilation is an issue that needs to be addressed in the world today. Statistics have shown that a good percentage of women around the world have suffered a type of female genital mutilation. This has struck controversy among human rights groups such as Amnesty international. Ways of trying to curb the practice have been proposed and in most parts of the world have been implemented. However, the practice is still persistent in our present day society. Understanding the cultural dynamics behind it is very important if we are to completely eradicate female genital mutilation. Therefore, this is a gap that needs to be researched on in order to be able to fully understand this practice as well as try to completely eradicate it. Reference Boyle, E. H. (2002). Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Johns Hopkins University Press. Gollaher, D (2000). Female Circumcision Circumcision: A History of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. Gruenbaum, E. (2001) The Female Circumcision Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shell-Duncan, B Hernlund, Y (eds). (2000) Female â€Å"Circumcision† in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers Woldemicael, G. (2009). Female Genital Cutting in Contemporary Eritrea: Determinants, Future Prospects and Strategies for Eradication. A journal on Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 25(2): 1-29 This term paper on Female genital mutilation was written and submitted by user Muhammad S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spina Bifida essays

Spina Bifida essays Spina bifida is a congenital defect that is present at the birth of a child. It is caused by problems with early development of the spine with the main defect being the failure of the closure of the vertebral column that is the bony column that surrounds the spinal cord. Without this closure, the spinal cord is not afforded the usual protection of the vertebrae, and is left open to either mechanical injury or invasion by However, spina bifida may be treated with utero surgery. While this is a risky yet promising procedure, it appears to improve short-term outcomes (Worcester, 2003). Dr. Joseph Bruner, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Vanderbilt, states that, "To date, more than 250 surgeries to repair the lesions associated with spina bifida have been performed at centers such as Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the University of California, San Francisco, and Vanderbilt University." In utero repair has several advantages over postnatal surgery. They include potentially fewer urinary infections, less gastrointestinal reflux, improved fetal leg function and cognitive development, and less need for shunt placement with The most reoccurring type of spina bifida is an opening in the spine that appears in the body midline anywhere from the neck to the buttocks area. This may be detected before birth and a pediatric surgeon may be available to perform surgery upon birth. Since the spinal cord is not developed properly, the defect may be much more subtle, and may, in fact, be covered with skin, while in spinal rachischisis, the most severe form of spina bifida, the entire length of the spine may be open. The cause of spina bifida may be a combination of genetic factors along with environmental influences that bring about malformation of the spine and spinal column. While all of the reasons that contribute to the ...

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Literature Review - Essay Example In addition, domestic politics and international politics are perceived to be dissimilar, and their structures are also quite dissimilar. Also, the domestic political structure is defined by the rule of which it is ordered, the specifications of its functions, and the distribution of its capabilities. According to the article, domestic political structure is centralized and hierarchical. Hierarchical means that there are specified rules that impose laws onto the followers. Also, society in the domestic sense is functional and ordered. There are no world leaders who pass total laws onto the citizens. Every state has its specified rule and ideas on what it wants to undertake. The globe is disconnected because of the lack of an overall government. The author brings up a comparison to the economy to highlight how international political structures emerge even in their anarchic state. Waltz states that units’ own interests are individual and spontaneous in origin. Units converge wi th similar ones to enhance their productivity. In the existing world, this is consistent with the fact that some states unite with others for reasons such as security and safety. They are looking for their stability by depending on a different state. It is also argued that international political structures are found on the basis of states because states are the most significant actors in the world of politics. States play a tremendous part in foreign relations, foreign policy, and trade, so international politics is found on the basis of the states. Particularly, international politics resemble units and states following identical patterns of actions. Finally, it is argued that anarchic or international forms, similar to states or units interrelate with one another, while in hierarchic or domestic forms, different states or units interact (Waltz 47). Contribution to the Field The article has contributed to the field in a number of ways. The article explains that not all states are identical in their views of how international politics should be handled or in their forms of government. It also explains how different nations do not fight one another. This is achieved through the employment of power. In the view of the article, the states with the most supremacy are those with the utmost capabilities. This means that the whole structure of the political system can be altered with modifications in the capabilities of specific states. For instance, a country like Britain has sufficient technology, money, military arms, and intelligence. These are all the essential capabilities to solve problems or take over small nations (Waltz 38). The article shows that a state’s capacity to achieve so much is what gives the state power. In addition, the only way significant things can be achieved is by states with magnificent capabilities. This is one of the foremost reasons countries such as the United Stated of America and Britain get involved in peacekeeping missions in countries, for example the Middle East, Bosnia, among others. These unsafe states tend to battle more because they are not sure about other states. The article helps the students in the field to understand the actions of powerful states. Because these states are the most powerful and secure in the world, it is their responsibility to keep the world stable and satisfied (Waltz 39). It explains why they have the